2. Paradigm

• A mental image of social reality that guides expectations in society. (Bill Devall)
• Ideas and values that significantly influence the world. (Fritjof Capra)
• The cosmos as composed of elementary particles.
• The human body as a machine.
• Life as a competitive struggle for existence.
• Unlimited material progress.
• The female as subservient to the male.

3. Arne Naess

Born 1912. Professor at 27.

Norwegian philosopher.

Studied in Paris, Vienna, and Berkeley.

David Rothenberg, Is It Painful to Think? Conversations with Arne Naess (1993).

1972: Coined the term "deep ecology."

4. Deep Ecology

Bill Devall: "Deepness is settling into the stream of things as they are. It means moving down into cooler, more profound waters. It involves us in a quality of openness to the flow of change."

"Transformation in a fluid state can occur in a quiet, slow-moving steam or a swift-moving mountain river."

5. Arne Naess Climbing

With first wife, Else Hertzberg.

"She wasn't just doing the things I liked to do. She liked them, too. At least I think she did."

Mountaineer, climber, thinker, philosopher.

6. Deep Ecology

Mind in Nature: An intermingling of person and Other. Gregory Bateson.

Subversive ecology: "a sensuous intuiting of natural harmonies on the largest scale; a concerned listening with the third ear." Theodore Roszak.

Enfolding. "We are enfolded, involved, and engaged within the living, terrestrial environment." J. Baird Callicott.

7. Arne Naess on Thin Ice

"Life is like running on thin ice." (Jens Bjorneboe.)

Influenced by Spinoza and Gandhi.

1968. Resigned his philosophy position at University of Oslo to try to save the earth.

8. Arne Naess, Deep Ecology

"The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement," Presented as a paper in Bucharest in 1972, published in Inquiry, 16 (1973).

Ecosophy: a philosophy of ecological harmony.

Sophia = wisdom. Policy wisdom and prescription, not just scientific description.

9. Roots of Deep Ecology

Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher 1632-1677.

Naturalism: One reality. Both extension and thought. 

Pantheism: God in nature. Raised nature to the rank of God.

All beings are animated.

Man is a mode of God.

10. Roots of Deep Ecology

George Santayana, 1863-1952.

Harvard philosopher.

Complexity of matter.

"The spirit and energy of the world is what is acting in us, as the sea is what rises in every little wave."

11. Roots of Deep Ecology

Presocratics; primal peoples

Henry David Thoreau; John Muir 

George Perkins Marsh

Process philosophers: A. N. Whitehead, J. Cobb

Robinson Jeffers: Falling in love outwards

American Indians

Buddhism

12. Arne Naess, Deep Ecology

• Shallow Versus Deep, Long-Range Ecology
• Relational total-field image; intrinsic relations.
• Biospherical egalitarianism in principle.
• Diversity and symbiosis.
• Anti-class posture.
• Fight against pollution and resource depletion.
• Complexity, not complication.
• Local autonomy and decentralization.

13. Shallow Versus Deep Ecology

Shallow Ecology

Natural diversity is valuable as a resource.

Species should be saved as resources for humans.

Pollution should be decreased if it threatens economic growth.

Deep Ecology

Natural diversity has intrinsic value.

Species should be saved for their intrinsic value.

Decrease of pollution has priority over economic growth.

14. Shallow Versus Deep Ecology

Shallow Ecology

Population growth threatens ecological equilibrium.

"Resource" means resource for humans.

Decrease in standard of living is intolerable.

Nature is cruel and necessarily so.

Deep Ecology

Human population is today excessive. Overdeveloped countries.

"Resource" means resource for living things.

Decrease in quality of life is intolerable.

Man is cruel, but not necessarily so.

15. The Ecological Self

An identification with all of life. John Seed: "I am protecting the rainforest" means "I am part of the rainforest protecting myself."

"It was 'I' that came to life when a bolt of lightening fertilized the chemical soup of 4.5 billion years ago; 'I' crawled out of the Devonian seas and colonized the land."

The extended self: We feel the suffering of redwoods, mountains, and watersheds.

16. Living in Mixed Communities

Arne Naess. "Self-Realization in Mixed Communities of Humans, Bears, Sheep, and Wolves," 1979. Living in the real world.

Bill Devall: The ideal community is one of harmony with nature. Dwelling in a mixed community means exploring our ecological self within the community, not apart from it.

How can we live with the wind? Bears?

17. Bill Devall

Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Sociology Department.

Co-author, Deep Ecology (1985).

Simple in Means, Rich in Ends (1988).

Editor, Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Forestry (1993).

18. Practicing Deep Ecology

• Simple, elegant means reveal rich experiences. 
• Quality of living, not standard of living.
• Life-style based on deep ecological principles:
• Buy products from one's own bioregion.
• Reduce energy consumption.
• Live simply that others may simply live.
• Right livelihood means not destructive of life.
• Participation in bioregional actions.

19. George Sessions

Sierra College, Rocklin, CA.

Philosophy Department.

Co-author, Deep Ecology, 1985.

Editor, Deep Ecology for the Twenty-first Century (1995).

20. Arne Naess Building a Fire

"In search of the most perfectly ordinary place we could find. Somewhere not spectacular, but a place we could dwell in and make our home for several days-a home in nature without walls." D. Rothenberg.

21. The Deep Ecology Platform

• Spring 1984, Death Valley.
• Naess/Sessions. 
• Apron diagram.
• 1. Diversity of views. 
• 2. D.E. platform. 
• 3. Facts. 
• 4. Actions.

22. Ecosophy T

Tvergastein cabin, on Hallingskarvet mountain, Norway.

Ecosophy T (Tvergastein).

Naess's personal deep ecological philosophy.

23. Self-Realization

Arne Naess, "Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World," Murdoch University, Australia, 12 March 1986.

Self-realization of all beings. Universal Self-realization is the ultimate norm.

Not ego-realization, self-expression, or self-interest, i.e. maximum alienation and egotism.

Overcoming of a separate ego; increasing maturity and compatibility with others. 

24. Self-Realization

Naess's Ecosophy T.

S = Self Realization

C = Complete

P = Potential

SP = Self Realization Potentials

25. Fritjof Capra

Author of The Tao of Physics (1975).

The Turning Point (1982).

"Deep Ecology: A New Paradigm" (1987).

New paradigm thinking; holistic worldview.