2. The Global Ecological Crisis leads to Global Ecological Revolution: 1970-2050

3. Karl Marx

• Karl Marx, 1818-1883, Germany.
• Dialectical materialism: synthesis between mechanical materialism and Hegelian dialectics.
• Capitalism produces abundance and scarcity.
• Socialism provides for basic needs and social justice.

4. Murray Bookchin and Barry Commoner

• Social ecology: anarchist, local.
• State socialism: power in the state.

5. Murray Bookchin, 1921-2006

• Institute for Social Ecology, Plainfield, Vermont.
• Key concepts: Privileged terms of discourse.
• hierarchy (bad).
• domination (bad).
• reason (good).
• freedom (good).

6. Murray Bookchin

• The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy (1982).
• Hierarchy: The cultural, traditional, and psychological systems of obedience, command, and control.
• Narrative of the emergence of hierarchy in history and its dissolution in anarchism.

7. Murray Bookchin

• The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism (1990).
• Anarchy: Absence of state government in favor of face-to-face communal decision-making.

8. Murray Bookchin

• Remaking Society (1989).
• Democracy: participatory face to face informal systems of decision making.
• Libertarian municipalism: self-managing assemblies of people.

9. Ynestra King

• Taught ecofeminism at Bookchin's Institute for Social Ecology, 1976.
• Social ecofeminism extends social ecology by analyzing the domination of women and nature.
• "Feminism and the Revolt of Nature" (1981).
• Transformative feminism overcomes the domination of women and nature.

10. Janet Biehl

• "What is Social Ecofeminism?" (1988).
• "Goddess Mythology in Ecological Politics" (1989).
• Editor of and introduction to The Murray Bookchin Reader (1997)

11. David Watson

• Alias George Bradford, editor of the anarchist journal, Fifth Estate.
• "How Deep is Deep Ecology? " (1989).
• Beyond Bookchin: Preface for a Future Social Ecology (1996).

12. Joel Koval and Alan Rudy

• Murray Bookchin: Nature's Prophet (1996).
• Joel Kovel, "Negating Bookchin."
• Alan Rudy, "Ecology and Anthropology in the Work of Murray Bookchin: Problems of Theory and Evidence."

13. James O'Connor

• Sociology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, emeritus.
• The Fiscal Crisis of the State (1973).
• The Meaning of Crisis (1987).
• Founder and editor, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism.

14. James O'Connor

• Key Concepts: Privileged Terms of Discourse.
• Exploitation of labor.
• Capitalist accumulation.
• Second contradition of capitalism.
• Autonomy of nature.

15. James O'Connor

• Need for an Ecological Marxist theory.
• Production conditions:
• natural conditions/ecosystem viability.
• labor power/physical and mental health of workers.
• means of communication.
• Ecological Marxism.

16. James O'Connor

• Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism (1998).
• Socialism and Ecology.
• Ecology Movements and the State.
• What is Ecological Socialism?

17. (graphic)

18. Ariel Salleh

• Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx, and the Postmodern (1997).
• Socialism, ecology, feminism, and postcolonial struggle can be grounded, unified, and empowered by an ecofeminist dialectic of relations.