2. EARTHCARE

• Saving the earth.
• Women's connections to nature.
• Why do women do it?
• How do they do it?

3. Françoise d'Eaubonne

• 1972: Started Ecologie-Féminisme (Ecology-Feminism Center).
• 1974: Published "The Time for Ecofeminism" in Feminism or Death.
• "The planet placed in the feminine will flourish for all."

4. Sandra Marburg and Lisa Watkins

• Woman and Environment, 1974, Berkeley, Ca

5. Women and Nature

• Susan Griffin. Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (1978).
• Mary Daly. Gyn/Ecology (1978).
• Links between domination of women and domination of nature under patriarchy.

6. Ynestra King

• 1976: Taught course on Eco-feminism at Institute for Social Ecology, Vermont.
• 1980: "Women and Life on Earth: Ecofeminism in the '80s.
• Conference in Amherst, Mass.

7. Women's Pentagon Action

• November 17, 1980: 2000 women encircle the Pentagon; block entrances; call for peace.

8. Liberal Ecofeminism

• Women like men are rational agents.
• Equal education will allow women to become equals in the workplace.
• Women can become scientists, lawyers, legislators, and resource managers.
• Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949).
• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963).

9. Ellen Swallow Richards

• Meaning of Ecology: house.
• Ernst Haeckel, 1873, Germany, "oekologie."
• Ellen Swallow, 1892, introduced "oekology."
• Ellen Swallow, 1910, used "human ecology" in Sanitation in Daily Life.

10. Rachel Carson

• 1962. Silent Spring.
• Pesticides are deadly elixirs.
• DDT; chlorinated hydrocarbons; organophosphates.
• Concentration in food chain.
• Genetic resistance to pesticides.

11. Ecofeminist Perspectives

• Conference held at USC, Los Angeles, March 27-29, 1987.
• 25th annniversary of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.
• Organized by Gloria Orenstein and Irene Diamond.

12. Cultural Ecofeminism

• Women and nature have been linked and mutually devalued in Western culture.
• Sherry Ortner, "Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?" (1974).
• Women's physiology (menstruation, lactation, pregnancy, childbirth); social roles (home care and child care), and psychology (emotions; the personal).

13. Gaia, the Earth Goddess

• Spirituality, witchcraft, female bodies are source of female power.
• Celebration of female deities.
• "Gaia is the ancient earth-mother who brought forth the world and the human race from 'the gaping void, chaos.'" Charlene Spretnak, 1978.
• "The concept of Mother Earth, . . . or, Gaia, has been widely held throughout history." James Lovelock, Gaia, 1979.

14. Critiques of Cultural Ecofeminism

• Ecofeminism is essentialist in its conflation of women with nature.
• "Women's nature is to nurture."
• "Gaia is a super house-cleaning goddess operating with whiter than white homeostatic detergent" to keep the planet clean. Val Plumwood.

15. Noël Sturgeon

• Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory, and Political Action (1997).
• Problem of biological and ahistorical "essentialism" of women as closer to nature and men as bearers of culture.

16. Love Canal, 1978

• Lois Gibbs, spokesperson for Love Canal residents.
• Boarded-up homes in Love Canal, 1980.
• Hooker Chemical Company plant where the dumping of chemicals in Love Canal began.

17. Helen Caldicott

• Australian-born pediatrician at Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston.
• Author of Nuclear Madness (1978); If You Love This Planet (1992); The New Nuclear Danger (2002).
• Founder of Women's Party for Survival.

18. Lulu Gant

• LuLu Gant of Limerick Ecology Action, Pennsylvania, 1980.
• First anniversary of 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident.
• "Please! Don't let my grandchildren be the last generation!"

19. Carol Barrett

• Newport, Tennessee.
• Protest of the polluting of the Pigeon River by Champion International Corporations's paper mill.
• "Let the Water Breathe." "Let the Pigeon Live."

20. Social Ecofeminism

• Janet Biehl. "What is Social Ecofeminism?" (1988).
• Domination of nature stems from domination of human by human.
• Liberation of women possible by overturning all economic and social hierarchies.
• Decentralized communities with women as free participants.
• Women's reproductive, intellectual, sensual, and moral freedom.

21. Janet Biehl

• Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics (1991).
• Ecofeminism is fraught with irrational and self-contradictory meanings.
• Rejects rationality by embracing goddess worship.
• Rejects scientific and cultural advances because advocated by men.
• Essentializes women as nurturers.

22. Val Plumwood, 1939-2008

• Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (1993).
• Dualisms operate as interlocking systgems of domination.
• Web of Oppression.
• The relational self.
• Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason (2002).

23. Karen Warren

• "Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections" (1987).
• "Toward an Ecofeminist Ethic" (1988).
• "The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism" (1990).
• Ecofeminist Philosophy (2000).
• Dualisms; Power-Over.

24. Ecofeminist Ethics

• Traditional ethics are grounded in rights, rules, and utilities.
• Ecofeminist ethics are grounded in care, love, and trust.
• But are women then complicit in the assumption that women are more caring, emotional, and nurturing than men?

25. Socialist Ecofeminism

26. Socialist Ecofeminism

• Fulfillment of people's needs not greed.
• Sustainable relations with nature.
• Mary Mellor. Feminism and Ecology (1997)
• Living within the constraints of ecology and biological time.
• Fulfilling basic human needs for food, clothing, shelter, and energy.

27. Ariel Salleh

• "Deeper than Deep Ecology: The Ecofeminist Connection" (1984).
• Domination of nature by man.
• Domination of women by men.
• Master-slave role over both nature and women.

28. Ariel Salleh

• Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx, and the Postmodern (1997).
• Socialism, ecology, feminism, and postcolonial struggle can be grounded, unified, and empowered by an ecofeminist dialectic of relations.

29. Chris Cuomo

• Feminism and Ecological Communities: An Ethic of Flourishing (1998).
• Ecological feminism as a source of environmental and social ethics.

30. Vandana Shiva

• Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development (1988).
• Ecofeminism, with Maria Mies (1993).
• Nature and women are producers of life.
• Chipko Movement.