3. The 1980s: Reaction to Regulation

• Relaxation of environmental quality standards.
• Self-regulation by industries.
• Reagan administration’s reaction to environmentalism.
• Budget cuts: EPA, OSHA, CEQ.
• James Watt appointed head of Interior.
• Anne Gorsuch, head of EPA.
• Rise of wise use and property rights movements.

• Environmental Defense Fund
• Environmental Policy Institute
• Friends of the Earth
• Izaak Walton League
• National Audubon Society
• National Parks and Conservation Association
• National Wildlife Federation
• National Resources Defense Council
• Sierra Club
• Wilderness Society

• Jay Hair of NWF.
• Washington Headquarters of NWF.
• $40 million dollar building; $63 million 1988 budget.

• National Wildlife Federation: $63 million; Donors: Amoco, ARCO, CocaCola, Dow, Duke Power, DuPont, Exxon, GE, GM, IBM, Mobil, Monsanto, Tenneco, Waste Management, Westinghouse, Weyerhauser.
• Audubon Society: $38 million; Donors: Rockefeller, Waste Management, GE, GTE, Amoco, Chevron, Dupont, Dow Chemical, Exxon, Ford, IBM, Coca Cola.
• Sierra Club: $19 million; Donors: ARCO, British Petroleum, Chemical Bank, Pepsi, Transamerica. 

8. Grassroots Toxics Movement

• John O'Connor, National Toxics Campaign.
• Meryl Streep, Mothers and Others; campaign. against Uniroyal to remove Alar from apples. 

• Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, National Report, 1987.

11. Warren County, N. C.

• 1982. Protest blocks PCB filled trucks from landfill.
• Origins of the environmental justice movement.

• Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (1990).
• Editor of Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots (1993).

• "Cancer Alley" in Morrisonville, where Dow Chemical Co. bought out entire neighborhoods.

• Three boys look through Dow Chemical Company’s fence, south of Baton Rouge.

• Number of uncontrolled toxic waste sites in areas of 50% or greater and 20-49% Hispanic population.

• Los Angeles City Energy Recovery Project, LANCER, proposed 1983; architect’s drawing.
• Network of three 1,600-ton-per day garbage incinerators.

• Maria Roybal and Aurora Castillo of MELA.

• March 31, 1990 protest: "Stop Pollution Today; Build Promised Park Tomorrow."
• Emissions from North River Sewage Treatment Plant in Harlem cause health problems.
• "1000 Points of Blight" campaign. NYPIRG

• El Puente Ojo Cafe (Brown Eyed Bridge), formerly known as "Toxic Avengers," joined with other groups in the January 14, 1993 action to protest the proposed Brooklyn Navy Yard incinerator.

• People for Clean Air and Water.
• Kettleman City, California.
• Protest against Chemical Waste Management’s proposal for a toxic waste incinerator.

• Former President of Earth Island Institute, San Francisco.
• Director/founder of the Urban Habitat Program.
• Editor of newsletter: Race, Poverty, and Environment.
• National award: "He combines the tradition of Martin Luther King, Jr. with that of John Muir."

• Anishinabe, Algonquin culture.
• Indigenous versus industrial values.
• Reciprocity versus accumulation.
• Industrial law versus natural law.

• Widow of Navajo uranium miner and several of her children.
• Dangers of uranium mining and radioactive wastes on Indian lands.
• Women of All Red Nations: WARN.

• Carlyle Randall, a Native American Vietnam War veteran speaks at a rally near the main gate of the Nevada Test Site on November 10, 1991.
• Hand sign means "I bear no weapons."

• "Since our lands were stolen, we’ve been to the State; we’ve been to Congress; we’ve been to the Senate; We’ve been to the Supreme Court; now we’re coming to you."

• Bill Devall, Humboldt State University, Arcata, Ca.
• George Sessions, Sierra College, Rochlin, Ca.
• Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered, 1985.

• Socialist Scholar's Conference, 1987, New York City.
• Murray Bookchin, "Post-Scarcity Anarchism," 1971; The Ecology of Freedom, 1982; Remaking Society, 1989.
• Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle, 1971; The Poverty of Power, 1976; Making Peace with the Planet, 1990.

• Irene Diamond and Gloria Orenstein at Ecofeminist Encampment, Mt. Grove, Oregon, July 1995.
• Authors/editors of Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (1990).

• Global ecological crisis.
• Population explosion.
• Global warming.
• Ozone depletion.
• Sustainable development.
• Biodiversity; endangered species.
• Environmental justice: rich and poor; North and South; majorities and minorities.

• Is the movement for environmental justice a force for fundamental social change?
• What is the best way to bring about environmental change?
• What should be humanity's relation to nature?