2. Albert Einstein, 1879-1955

• Challenges to mechanistic science.
• 1905. Special theory of relativity. Velocity of Light.
• 1915. General theory of relativity.
• 1905-1911. Particle (quantum) structure of light. Jumps in energy levels.
• 1927. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: Position and momentum of a particle can't both be known simultaneously.

3. Fritjof Capra

• Elmwood Institute founder.
• The Tao of Physics, 1975
• The Turning Point, 1982
• Paradigm shift to deep ecological worldview.
• holism, instrinsic value, systems approach, male female equality.

4. Fritjof Capra

• The Tao of Physics (1975).
• Primacy of process over parts.
• Bootstrap theory of particle physics--Goeffrey Chew.
• Particles as energy fields.
• Parallels with eastern philosophy.

5. Fritjof Capra

• The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture (1982).
• I Ching. "After a time of decay comes the turning point. . . . There is movement but it is not brought about by force."
• Crisis and transformation.
• New vision of reality: systems view of life.

6. David Bohm, 1917-1992

• Wholeness and the Implicate Order (1980).
• Explicate (mechanistic, 3-D) versus implicate order.
• Enfolding-unfolding universe. 
• Implicate to explicate order.
• Holomovement: flow of energy; multidimensional.

7. James Lovelock, born 1919

• Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (1979).
• Gaia hypothesis: "The biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the chemical and physical environment."
• Life maintains conditions favorable to its continuance.

8. Gaia Hypothesis

• "The earth's living matter, air, oceans, and land form a complex system which can be seen as a single organism and which has the capacity to keep our planet a fit place for life."

9. Ilya Prigogine, 1917-2003

• Prigogine and Stengers. Order out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature (1984).
• Most systems are open (biological and social) not closed (mechanical).
• Dissipative structures: like whirlpools.
• Far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics: small perturbations can cause breakup and reorganization.

10. Ilya Prigogine

• From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences.
• Far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics.
• Reorganization of matter and energy.
• New enzymes, new cellular structures, new societies.

11. Edward Lorenz, 1917-2008

• The Butterfly Effect.
• AAAS, December 29, 1972.
• "Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil set off a Tornado in Texas?"
• Sensitive dependence on initial conditions.

12. Edward Lorenz

• Weather patterns are chaotic, hence unpredictable.
• Irregularity is a fundamental property of the atmosphere.
• Most environmental and biological systems are nonlinear and chaotic.

13. James Gleick

• Chaos: Making a New Science (1987).
• New York Times editor.
• Popularized chaos theory.
• Fractals: Self-similar patterns within patterns.
• Trees, coastlines, snowflakes, noise.

14. Ralph Abraham

• Mathematician. U.C. Santa Cruz.
• A founder of chaos theory.
• "It's the paradigm shift of all paradigm, shifts."

15. Ralph Abraham

• Chaos, Gaia, Eros (1994).
• Dedicated to Hypatia, A.D. 370-415.
• "This book is devoted to the Orphic tradition and to its recovery from the suppressions of the past 6000 years."

16. Ralph Abraham

• Hesiod: "Chaos was born first . . . and after her came Gaia, the broad-breasted, the firm seat of all . . . and Eros, the fairest of the deathless gods."
• Chaos revolution (1975); Gaia Hypothesis (1973); Erodynamics (1979).
• Epochs: Static, Periodic, Chaotic.

17. Mitchell Waldrop

• Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos (1992).
• Santa Fe Institute, N.M.
• Creation of a new science: origins of complex structures from galaxies to bacteria to societies and economies.

18. Murray Gell-Mann

• Santa Fe Institute, born 1929.
• Nobel Prize, 1969.
• Predicted the existence of the quark.
• Constituents of neutrons and protons.
• Types: up, down, strange, charmed, top, bottom.
• Evidence of top quark detected, 1994.

19. Murray Gell-Mann

• The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex (1994).
• "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night." Arthur Sze.
• Quark, a simple entity; Jaguar a complex organism; Society a complex adaptive system.

20. Stuart Kauffman

• Santa Fe Institute; At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. (1995)
• The science of complex systems offers hope for a new story.
• Emergence of life as a complex adaptive system.

21. Daniel Botkin

• Discordant Harmonies (1990).
• Nature as a Divine Order.
• Earth as a Fellow Creature.
• Nature as the Great Machine.
• Plotinus: discordant harmony. The simultaneous movements of many tones, sometimes harsh, sometimes pleasing.