| Economic
Costs of Obesity |
Allison
DB. The direct health care costs of obesity in the United States.(Abstract)(Statistical
Data Included) JAMA1999;282:1316 i
Colditz,
Graham A. Economic costs of obesity and inactivity. (Physical
Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Its Comorbidities)
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1999;31:S663-68.
Oster
G, Thompson D, Edelsberg J, Bird AP, Colditz GA. Lifetime health
and economic benefits of weight loss among obese persons. Am
J Public Health 1999;89:1536-
Pronk
NP, Goodman MJ, O'Connor PJ, Martinson BC. Relationship between
modifiable health risks and short-term health care charges. JAMA1999;282:2235-
Pronk,
NP, Tan AWH, O'Connor, P. Obesity, fitness, willingness to
communicate and health care costs. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise 1999;31:1535-43.
Quesenberry,
Charles P., Jr.; Caan, Bette; Jacobson, Alice Obesity, health
services use, and health care costs among members of a health
maintenance organization. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158:466.
Thompson
D, Edelsberg J, Colditz GA, Bird AP, Oster G. Lifetime health
and economic consequences of obesity.(Statistical Data Included)
Archives of Internal Medicine 1999;159:2177-
Wolf AM, Colditz GA.
Current estimates of the economic costs of obesity in the United
States. Obes Res 1998;6:97-106.
back
to index
| Health
Impacts Associated with Obesity |
Allison DB, Fontaine
KR, Manson JE, Stevens J, VanItallie TB. Annual deaths attributable
to obesity in the United States. JAMA 1999;282:1530-8.
Bao W, Srinivasan SR,
Valdez R, Greenlund KJ, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Longitudinal
changes in cardiovascular risk from childhood to young adulthood
in offspring of parents with coronary artery disease: the Bogalusa
Heart Study. JAMA 1997;278:1749-54.
Bray GA. Complications
of obesity. Ann Int Med 1985;103:1052-62.
Brunner E, Shipley MJ,
Blane D, Smith GD, Marmot MG. When does cardiovascular
risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and
risk factors in adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:757-64.
Dietz WH. Childhood
weight affects adult morbidity and mortality. J Nutr 1998a;128:411S-414S.
Dietz WH. Health
consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult
disease. Pediatrics 1998b;101:518-25.
Eriksson J, Forsen T,
Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker D. Early growth and coronary
heart disease in later life: longitudinal study. BMJ 2001;
322: 949-953.
Freedman D, Perry G.
Body composition and health status among children and adolescents.
Prev Med 2000;31:S34-S53.
Freedman DS, Dietz WH,
Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular
risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart
Study. Pediatrics 1999;103:1175-82.
Freedman DS, Sathanur
RS, Burke GL, Shear CL, Smoak CG, Harsha DW, Webber LS, Berenson
GS. Relation of body fat distribution to hyperinsulinemia in
children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin
Nutr 1987;46:403-10.
Goran MI. Energy
expenditure, body composition, and disease risk in children and
adolescents. Proc Nutr Soc 1997;56:195-209.
Goran MI. Metabolic
precursors and effects of obesity in children: a decade of progress,
1990 – 1999. Am J Clin Nutri 2001; 73:158-171.
Guillaume M, Lapidus
L, Bjorntorp P, Lambert A. Physical activity, obesity, and
cardiovascular risk factors in children. The Belgian Luxembourg
Child Study II. Obes Res 1997;5:549-56.
Gunnell DJ, Frankel
SJ. Nanchahal K, Peters TJ, Smith GD. Childhood obesity and
adult cardiovascular mortality: a 57-y follow-up study based on
the Boyd Orr cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:1111-8.
Hahn RA, Heath GW, Chang
M-H. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and preventive practices
among adults – United States, 1994. A Behavioral Risk Factor atlas.
MMWR Surveillance Summaries 1998;47:35-69.
McGinnis JM, Foege WH.
Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993;270:2207-12.
Morrison JA, Barton
BA, Biro FM, Daniels SR, Sprecher DL. Overweight, fat patterning,
and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white boys.
J Pediatr 1999a;135:451-7.
Morrison JA, Payne G,
Barton BA, Khoury PR, Crawford P. Mother-daughter correlations
of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Black and
White households: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Am J
Public Health 1994;84:1761-7.
Morrison JA, Sprecher
DL, Barton BA, Waclawiw MA, Daniels SR. Overweight, fat patterning,
and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls:
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health
Study. J Pediatr 1999b;135:458-64.
Must
A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bejaema CJ, Dietz W. Long-term morbidity
and mortality of overweight adolescents: a follow-up of the Harvard
Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1350-1355.
Must A, Spadano J, Coakley
EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated
with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999a;282:1523-9.
Must A, Strauss RS.
Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999b;23:S2-S11.
National Institutes
of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel on the Health Implications
of Obesity. Health implications of obesity. Ann Intern
Med 1985;103:1073-7.
Nicklas TA, Webber LS,
Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Secular trends in dietary intakes
and cardiovascular risk factors of 10-year-old children. The
Bogalusa Heart Study (1973-88). Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:930-7.
Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan
LM, Daniels SR, Standiford D, Khoury PR, Zeitler P. Increased
incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among adolescents.
J Pediatr 1996;128:608-15.
Power
C, Lake JK, Cole TJ. Measurement and long-term health risks
of child and adolescent fatness. Int J Obesity. 1997;21:507-526,
810-819. 15.
Shea S, Basch CE, Gutin
B, Stein AD, Contento IR, Irigoyen M, Zybert P. The rate of
increase in blood pressure in children 5 years of age is related
to changes in aerobic fitness and body mass index. Pediatrics
1994;94:465-470.
Sudi
KM, Gallistl S, Trobinger M, Payerl D, Aigner R, Borkenstein MH.
The effects of changes in body mass and subcutaneous fat on
the improvement in metabolic risk factors in obese children after
short-term weight loss. Metabolism. 2001;50(11):1323-1329.
Van Italilie TB.
Health implications of overweight and obesity in the United States.
Ann Intern Med 1985;103:983-8.
back
to index
| Surveillance:
Nutrition, Physical Activity & Weight Status |
Anand RS, Basiotis PP,
Klein BW. Profile of overweight children. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Nutrition
Insights, May 1999.
Binkley JK, Eales J,
Jekanowski M. The relation between dietary change and rising
US obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1032-9.
Bolen JC, Rhodes L,
Powell-Griner EE, Bland SD. State-specific prevalence of selected
health behaviors, by race and ethnicity – Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System, 1997. MMWR Surveillance Summaries
2000;49:1-60.
Bundred P, Kitchiner
D, Buchan I. Prevalence of overweight and obese children between
1989 and 1998: population based series of cross sectional studies.
BMJ 2001;322:1-4.
Centers for Disease
Control (CDC). Update: prevalence of overweight among children,
adolescents, and adults – United States, 1988-1994. MMWR
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:199-202.
Crooks DL. Food consumption,
activity, and overweight among elementary school children in an
Appalachian Kentucky community. Am J Phys Anthropol 2000;112:159-70.
Department
of Education. Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten
Class of 1998-99. http://nces.ed.gov/,
1998.
Eisenmann JC, Katzmarzyk
PT, Arnall DA, Kanuho V, Interpreter C, Malina RM. Growth and
overweight of Navajo youth: secular changes from 1955 to 1997.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:211-8.
Figueroa-Colon R, Franklin
FA, Lee JY, Aldridge R, Alexander L. Prevalence of obesity
with increased blood pressure in elementary school-aged children.
South Med J 1997;90:806-13.
Flegal KM, Troiano RP.
Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and
children in the US population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
2000;24:807-18.
Foerster SB, Fierro
MP, Gregson J, Hudes M, Oppen M, Sugerman S. 1998 California
Teen Eating, Exercise, and Nutrition Survey: Also Profiling Body
Weight and Tobacco Use – Media Highlights. Public Health
Institute, Berkeley, CA, 2000.
Gortmaker SL, Dietz
WH Jr, Sobol AM, Wehler CA. Increasing pediatric obesity in
the United States. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:535-40.
Hanley AJ, Harris SB,
Gittelsohn J, Wolever TM, Saksvig B, Zinman B. Overweight among
children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: prevalence
and associated factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:693-700.
Harnack L, Jeffery RW,
Boutelle KN. Temporal trends in energy intake in the Untied
States: an ecologic perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1478-84.
Hediger M, Overpeck
M, Ruan WJ, Troendle J. Early infant feeding and growth status
of US-born infants and children aged 4-71 mo: analyses from the
third NHANES, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 159-167.
Hernandez B, Uphold
CR, Graham MV, Singer L. Prevalence and correlates of obesity
in preschool children. J Pediatr Nurs 1998;13:68-76.
Jackson MY. Height,
weight, and body mass index of American Indian schoolchildren,
1990-1991. J Am Diet Assoc 1993;93:1136-40.
Johnson-Down L, O'Loughlin
J, Koski KG, Gray-Donald K. High prevalence of obesity in low
income and multiethnic schoolchildren: a diet and physical activity
assessment. J Nutr 1997;127:2310-5.
Johnson RK. Changing
eating and physical activity patterns of US children. Proc
Nutr Soc 2000;59:295-301.
Kann L, Kinchen SA,
Williams BI, et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance –
United States, 1997. In: CDC Surveillance Summaries, August
14, 1998. MMWR 1998;47(no. SS-3):1-32.
Kennedy E, Powell R.
Changing eating patterns of American children: a view from
1996. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:524-9.
Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal
KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight
among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination
Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA 1994;272:205-11.
Mei Z, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn
LM, Freedman DS, Yip R, Trowbridge FL. Increasing prevalence
of overweight among U.S. preschool children: The Center for Disease
Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance, 1983-1995.
Pediatrics 1998;101:1-6.
Mokdad AH, Serdula MK,
Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The spread of the
obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 1999;282:1519-22.
Ogden CL, Troiano RP,
Briefel RR, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL. Prevalence
of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971
through 1994. Pediatrics 1997;99:E1.
Pawson IG, Martorell
R, Mendoza FE. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in US Hispanic
populations. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1522S-1528S.
Schlicker SA, Borra
ST, Regan C. The weight and fitness status of United States
children. Nutr Rev 1994;52:11-7.
Story M, Evans M, Fabsitz
R, Clay T, Holy Rock B, Broussard BA. The epidemic of obesity
in American Indian communities and the need for childhood obesity-prevention
programs. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:747S-54S
Troiano RP, Briefel
RR, Carroll MD, Bialostosky K. Energy and fat intakes of children
and adolescents in the United States: data from the National Health
and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1343S-53S.
Troiano RP, Flegal KM.
Overweight children and adolescents: description, epidemiology,
and demographics. Pediatrics 1998;101:497-504.
Troiano RP, Flegal KM,
Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Overweight prevalence
and trends for children and adolescents. The National Health and
Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991. Arch Pediatr
Adolesc Med 1995;149:1085-91.
US
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. What
and where our children eat – 1994 nationwide survey results.
Research news press release. World Wide Web: http://www.barc.usda.
gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/kidspr.html (accessed 9 August 1996).
Wiecha JL, Casey VA.
High prevalence of overweight and short stature among Head
Start children in Massachusetts. Public Health Rep 1994;109:767-73.
Wolfe WS, Campbell CC,
Frongillo EA, Haas JD, Melnik TA. Overweight schoolchildren
in New York State: prevalence and characteristics. Am J Public
Health 1994;84:807-13.
Zephier E, Himes JH,
Story M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in American Indian
school children and adolescents in the Aberdeen area: a population
study. Int J Obes 1999;23:S28-S30.
